The Ultimate Guide to Finding the Perfect Electric Unicycle for Sale

Looking for an electric unicycle for sale? Here’s what you need to know:

• Price Range: $500-$3,500 depending on features and performance
• Top Brands: InMotion, KingSong, Begode, Leaperkim
• Where to Buy: Specialized retailers (like Volts Rides), authorized dealers, second-hand marketplaces
• Key Specs to Consider: Motor power (800W-4500W), battery capacity (480Wh-3000Wh), range (25-100+ miles), top speed (15-55+ mph)
• Best for Beginners: InMotion V8F, KingSong 14D (under $1,000)
• Best for Commuters: InMotion V10F, KingSong 16X ($1,000-$2,000)
• Best for Performance: InMotion V12 Pro, Leaperkim Sherman ($2,000-$3,500)

An electric unicycle for sale represents more than just a novel gadget – it’s a revolution in personal transportation that combines cutting-edge technology with practical mobility. These self-balancing devices have evolved from curiosities into powerful commuting tools capable of impressive speeds, remarkable range, and surprising versatility.

Modern electric unicycles (EUCs) have transformed urban travel with their compact design and impressive capabilities. With ranges extending from 30 miles on entry-level models to over 100 miles on premium wheels, and speeds reaching beyond 40 mph on high-performance options, these devices offer a compelling alternative to traditional transportation.

What makes EUCs particularly attractive is their efficiency – costing less than a penny per mile to operate and requiring minimal maintenance compared to cars, motorcycles, or even e-bikes. Their slim profile lets you steer congested streets with ease, while their portability means you can take them on public transit or store them under your desk at work.

Whether you’re tired of traffic jams, looking to reduce your carbon footprint, or simply seeking a more enjoyable way to get around, an electric unicycle offers a practical solution that’s both fun and functional. The perfect balance of power, range, and features awaits – you just need to know what to look for.

Electric unicycle for sale basics:

• BEGODE MASTER V4
• begode
• unicycle

What Is an Electric Unicycle and How Does It Work?

Imagine balancing on a single wheel while effortlessly gliding through city streets—this is the magic of an electric unicycle for sale today. Unlike their circus counterparts that demand years of practice, modern EUCs do most of the balancing work for you through some pretty clever technology.

At its heart, an electric unicycle is beautifully simple: a single wheel with comfortable platforms (we call them pedals) on either side for your feet. Inside that wheel lives a powerful brushless electric motor that does all the heavy lifting. This motor draws energy from a rechargeable lithium-ion battery pack—ranging from modest 480Wh batteries in starter models to massive 3000Wh powerhouses in premium wheels that can take you well over 100 miles on a single charge.

The real genius happens through an array of gyroscope sensors constantly monitoring your position. Lean forward slightly, and these sensors immediately detect this shift, telling the control board to power up the motor and move you forward. Lean back, and the wheel slows or even reverses direction. It’s remarkably intuitive—your body becomes the throttle and brake in one fluid system.

One of my favorite features on modern wheels is regenerative braking. When you slow down, the motor works in reverse, converting your momentum back into electricity and feeding it to the battery. Not only does this extend your range, but it also provides smooth, controlled stopping power that feels natural after just a little practice.

The Science Behind Self-Balancing

The self-balancing magic that makes these wheels so approachable comes from sophisticated inertial measurement units (IMUs). These combine multiple gyroscopes and accelerometers to detect even the slightest changes in your position—both forward/backward (pitch) and side-to-side (roll)—hundreds of times every second.

Think of the control board as the wheel’s brain, constantly processing this stream of data and adjusting the motor’s torque output in real-time. This creates a seamless feedback loop that keeps you perfectly balanced:

When you shift your weight forward, the sensors immediately detect this change in angle. The control board responds by increasing motor power, causing the wheel to accelerate just enough to keep you upright. This process happens continuously, creating the sensation that the wheel is reading your mind.

What truly amazes me about today’s electric unicycle for sale options is their incredible versatility across different terrains. Advanced models can confidently tackle steep hills (up to 45-degree inclines!) and reach exhilarating speeds over 40 mph while maintaining that crucial stability that keeps riders safe and confident.

Turning becomes second nature too—just shift your weight slightly left or right while maintaining forward momentum, and the wheel follows your lead. After a few hours of practice, the wheel starts to feel like an extension of your body, responding to your movements almost subconsciously.

Key Benefits of Owning an Electric Unicycle

There’s something magical about gliding through the city on an electric unicycle for sale that just can’t be matched by other forms of transportation. These remarkable devices aren’t just tech toys – they’re practical, efficient solutions for modern mobility.

Cost-Effective Commuting is perhaps the most compelling reason many riders make the switch. When you’re spending less than a penny per mile on electricity, your wallet notices the difference immediately. Compare that to the 20+ cents per mile you’re burning with a car (and that’s not even counting insurance, maintenance, and the inevitable depreciation), and the savings add up fast.

The incredible portability of these devices makes them perfect companions for modern life. Most weigh between 25-60 pounds and come with thoughtful design features like built-in handles or retractable trolley systems. You can carry them onto the subway, tuck them under your desk at work, or even stash them in overhead compartments on many trains – try doing that with a bike or scooter!

Let’s talk about the fun factor – because it matters! Almost every EUC rider will tell you with a smile that their daily commute has transformed from a dreaded chore into something they actually look forward to. There’s a unique sensation of freedom that comes from effortlessly gliding through your environment, almost as if you’re floating just inches above the ground.

Your environmental footprint shrinks dramatically when you choose an electric unicycle. With zero direct emissions and minimal energy consumption, you’re making a real difference with every mile you ride. Even when considering the electricity generation needed to charge them, EUCs produce a fraction of the carbon compared to traditional vehicles.

You might not buy an EUC primarily for fitness benefits, but they deliver them anyway. Riding engages your core muscles and improves balance and proprioception in ways that sitting in a car seat never will. Many regular riders report pleasant surprises like improved posture and stronger core muscles – bonus perks from their daily transportation choice.

Nothing beats the satisfaction of sailing past gridlocked traffic on your electric unicycle. Their nimble nature and narrow profile let you steer congested urban environments with ease, accessing bike lanes and paths that remain frustratingly out of reach for larger vehicles. That feeling of progress while everyone else sits idling? Priceless.

Real-World Savings & Sustainability

The numbers tell a compelling story about the economic advantages of electric unicycles. Let’s break it down: a typical EUC with a 1000Wh battery costs roughly 10-15 cents for a full charge based on average US electricity rates. That charge will carry you 40-50 miles, working out to about $0.003 per mile.

Now, imagine your daily commute over a year – say 2,500 miles total. Your annual electricity cost for the EUC would be approximately $7.50. The same distance in a car? You’re looking at $500+ just for fuel. When you factor in the minimal maintenance EUCs require (occasional tire changes and basic electrical care), the financial picture becomes even clearer.

From a sustainability perspective, electric unicycles for sale represent one of the greenest transportation options available today. They produce zero direct emissions while consuming minimal resources. Their compact batteries require far fewer raw materials than electric cars, and their efficient motors convert a remarkably high percentage of stored energy into actual movement.

At just 20-30 watt-hours per mile, EUCs stand as champions of energy efficiency in the powered transportation world. That’s good for both your wallet and our planet – a rare win-win that makes these devices increasingly attractive as we all look for ways to reduce our environmental impact without sacrificing mobility.

Electric Unicycle for Sale: Types, Specs & Top Choices

Shopping for an electric unicycle for sale can feel overwhelming with so many options out there. Let me walk you through the main categories you’ll encounter, each designed with specific riding styles and needs in mind.

Best Electric Unicycle for Sale for City Commuting

If your daily route involves navigating busy streets, hopping on public transport, or storing your wheel under a desk, urban commuter models are your best bet. These city-friendly wheels strike the perfect balance between portability and performance.

Most city commuters feature 16-inch wheels, providing that sweet spot between stability and nimbleness that’s ideal for weaving through pedestrians or navigating tight spaces. They’re typically lightweight (about 25-40 pounds), making them manageable to carry up stairs or onto buses when needed.

Take the Inmotion V8S Electric Unicycle for example – it’s a commuter’s dream with its slim 7.5-inch profile that easily tucks away in compact spaces. With a 518Wh battery delivering enough juice for most daily commutes and built-in lighting systems for those early morning or evening rides, it represents everything a good urban wheel should be.

City commuters generally offer motor power between 800-2000W, reach speeds of 20-30 mph, and provide ranges of 25-50 miles – more than enough for most urban triprs. With price tags between $800-$1,800, they’re the most accessible entry point into the EUC world.

High-Torque Off-Road Electric Unicycles for Sale

For those who hear the call of dirt trails and mountain paths, off-road focused EUCs offer the rugged capabilities you’ll need to conquer mother nature’s challenges.

These wilderness warriors come equipped with wider tires (often 3+ inches) featuring aggressive tread patterns that bite into soft surfaces. Their powerful motors (2500W+) deliver the torque needed to climb steep hills – many capable of tackling inclines up to 45 degrees. Perhaps most importantly, they feature suspension systems that absorb the jolts and bumps of rough terrain, saving your knees and improving control.

The Begode T4 Pro Electric Unicycle – Pre-Order showcases everything an off-road wheel should be. Its sophisticated suspension system uses 600 lb/in front springs paired with 970 lb/in rear springs to soak up impacts from jumps and rough terrain. Higher ground clearance means you’ll clear obstacles that would scrape lesser wheels, while reinforced components stand up to the punishment of off-road riding.

These trail-tackling machines typically range from $2,000-$3,500, weigh between 50-75 pounds, and offer impressive ranges of 40-80 miles – plenty for a full day of trip before heading back to civilization.

Long-Range & High-Speed Electric Unicycles for Sale

For riders who crave maximum performance and the freedom to go the distance, high-end EUCs push the boundaries of what’s possible on one wheel.

These premium machines pack massive batteries (2000-3000Wh) that can deliver ranges exceeding 100 miles on a single charge. Their high-power motors (3000W+ continuous with peaks reaching 10000W) are paired with advanced cooling systems designed to maintain performance during extended high-speed use.

The Inmotion V12 Pro – Pre-Order Deposit stands at the cutting edge of this category. With its incredible 90+ mile range and top speed exceeding 37 mph, it’s built for serious distance riding. Its larger wheel (typically 18-22 inches) provides the stability needed when cruising at higher speeds, while its advanced motor control system delivers 23% more power than previous generations.

These flagship models represent the pinnacle of EUC technology, with prices between $2,500-$3,500 reflecting their premium capabilities. Despite their substantial weight (60-110 pounds), the performance they deliver makes them the dream wheel for many enthusiasts who want to push the limits of what’s possible on a single wheel.

Whether you’re a daily commuter, weekend warrior, or long-distance enthusiast, there’s an electric unicycle for sale that perfectly matches your riding style and needs. At Volts Rides, we’ve carefully curated our selection to offer the best options in each category, backed by our industry-leading warranty and support.

How to Choose the Right Electric Unicycle for Your Needs

Finding your perfect electric unicycle for sale doesn’t have to be overwhelming. Think of it like finding a good pair of shoes—it needs to fit your lifestyle, be comfortable for your specific needs, and match your skill level. Let’s break down how to make this important decision.

Matching Specs to Use-Case

When it comes to motor power, think about the terrain you’ll be tackling most often. If you live in a flat area like Florida, you can get by with less power. But if you’re in San Francisco with those famous hills, you’ll need more muscle in your wheel.

For every 100 pounds of combined rider and gear weight, here’s what you should look for: 500-800W minimum for flat terrain, 1000-1500W for moderate hills, and 2000W+ for steep inclines. It’s always better to have a little extra power than not enough—especially when that hill suddenly appears at the end of your commute!

Battery capacity directly affects how far you can go on a single charge. A good rule of thumb is that 25-30Wh of battery will take you about one mile. So if your daily round trip is 20 miles, look for at least a 600Wh battery. Weekend warriors planning longer 50+ mile trips should consider 1500Wh or more. And always build in a 20% buffer—headwinds, cold weather, and even battery age can reduce your actual range.

Tire size matters more than you might think. Smaller 14-inch wheels are nimble and easy to carry but can feel wobbly at higher speeds. 16-inch wheels hit the sweet spot for most riders, offering a good balance of stability and maneuverability. If you’re chasing speed or tackling rough roads, the larger 18-inch or 20-inch+ wheels provide more stability but sacrifice some of that quick-turning ability in tight spaces.

Weight is another important consideration, especially if you’ll be carrying your wheel up stairs or onto public transit. Wheels under 30 pounds are a breeze to carry, while those between 30-50 pounds remain manageable for short distances. The big performance wheels over 50 pounds are best when you can roll them most of the time.

Essential Features Checklist

Beyond the basic specs, certain features can make or break your riding experience. A good IP rating (aim for IP55 or higher) means your wheel can handle rain and dust—essential for real-world riding conditions.

If you’re eyeing off-road trips, look for wheels with suspension systems offering at least 3 inches of travel to absorb those bumps and jumps. Pedal height and size might seem minor, but higher pedals reduce scraping on turns, and larger platforms give you more stability and comfort during longer rides.

The smart BMS (Battery Management System) is your wheel’s guardian angel, monitoring battery health and warning you before potential failures—a feature worth paying extra for. Modern wheels with app connectivity let you customize everything from lighting patterns to performance parameters, making your wheel truly your own.

For those planning high-speed rides, a robust cooling system prevents overheating during sustained fast riding. A comprehensive lighting package with front, rear, and side lights isn’t just for looking cool—it’s essential for visibility and safety. And don’t underestimate the convenience of a good trolley handle for those times when you need to walk your wheel through a store or airport.

Finding the right balance of features doesn’t mean you need to break the bank. Focus on the elements that matter most for your specific riding style. A city commuter might prioritize portability and range, while an off-road enthusiast would be better served by investing in suspension and motor power. The perfect electric unicycle for sale is the one that matches your unique needs and riding environment.

Costs, Where to Buy, and After-Sales Support

Shopping for an electric unicycle for sale means navigating a range of price points that fit different needs and budgets. You’ll typically find these personal electric vehicles grouped into three main price tiers:

• Entry-Level ($500-$1,000): Perfect for beginners testing the waters or those with shorter commutes
• Mid-Range ($1,000-$2,000): The sweet spot for regular commuters seeking reliability and solid performance
• High-Performance ($2,000-$3,500): Premium options with maximum range, speed, and advanced features

Don’t let the upfront cost deter you – many retailers including Volts Rides offer flexible financing options that make these wheels more accessible. With payment plans spanning 6-36 months and special promotional rates for qualified buyers, you can start riding sooner rather than saving for months.

Finding a Reliable Electric Unicycle for Sale Online

The internet offers countless options for purchasing an electric unicycle for sale, but not all retailers provide the same experience. When shopping online, prioritize dealers who offer genuine value beyond just the lowest price.

Authorized dealers provide peace of mind through legitimate warranty coverage and authentic products – something particularly important when investing in technology you’ll trust with your safety daily. Always verify in-stock status before purchasing, as some retailers list pre-orders that might leave you waiting months while your payment sits in limbo.

Shipping policies matter tremendously with these substantial items – some retailers charge hefty fees or use slow shipping methods. Similarly, understanding the return process before purchasing can save headaches if you need to make a change.

At Volts Rides, we maintain inventory in both our California and Massachusetts locations, enabling faster shipping and even local pickup options. Our selection includes popular models like the Commander Mini Electric Unicycle (50S), which balances impressive performance with excellent value.

Exploring Second-Hand Marketplaces for Bargain Electric Unicycles for Sale

The second-hand market offers a pathway to significant savings for budget-conscious riders, though it requires a careful approach. Community groups like the Used electric unicycles marketplace on Facebook connect buyers with experienced sellers who understand these unique devices.

When considering a used electric unicycle for sale, examine battery health by checking mileage and charge cycles – the battery typically represents about 30% of the wheel’s value. Look for water damage signs like corrosion on connectors, and test all functions including lights, speakers, and Bluetooth connectivity. The tire’s wear pattern tells the story of how the wheel was ridden, while shell damage might indicate crashes that could have affected internal components.

Price-wise, expect a 30-50% discount from retail for 1-2 year old models in good condition. Whenever possible, request video evidence of the wheel functioning properly and try to arrange an in-person test ride before finalizing your purchase.

Understanding Warranty, Shipping & Ongoing Care

After-sales support makes a world of difference in your ownership experience. At Volts Rides, we stand behind our products with an industry-leading 2-year warranty that covers both parts and labor – significantly exceeding the standard 12-month coverage most competitors offer.

When comparing warranty terms, look beyond just the coverage period. Some warranties cover replacement parts but leave you paying for repair labor, which can add up quickly. Also consider who covers shipping costs to and from repair facilities, and understand common exclusions like water damage and crash damage.

For the best ownership experience, consider accessories that improve your ride. Fast chargers can reduce charging time by 50-70%, getting you back on the road quicker. Investing in quality protective gear isn’t just smart – it might be required by your warranty terms. Storage solutions like covers and stands protect your investment when not in use, while maintenance kits with tire repair supplies help you handle minor issues yourself.

You can learn more about our comprehensive coverage on our Warranty Information and Return Policy page, where we outline exactly what’s covered and how the process works.

Learning to Ride, Safety Gear & Legal Considerations

So you’ve found your perfect electric unicycle for sale and can’t wait to hit the road? I totally get that excitement! But before you zoom off into the sunset, let’s talk about the learning curve and keeping yourself safe and legal.

Most new riders are surprised to find that mastering an EUC isn’t as daunting as it looks. With about 1-3 hours of focused practice, you’ll achieve basic proficiency. After 5-10 hours in the saddle, most riders develop the comfort and confidence to make their EUC a practical transportation option.

Step-By-Step Beginner Method

The key to learning quickly is having a methodical approach. I remember my first time on an EUC – equal parts terrifying and thrilling! Here’s the method we recommend to our Volts Rides customers:

Start by gearing up properly – a helmet is non-negotiable, and wrist guards with knee/elbow pads will save you from the inevitable beginner scrapes. Find a supportive environment like a wall, railing, or better yet, a patient friend who can lend a steadying hand.

The mounting technique is crucial – place one foot firmly on the pedal while holding your support, then quickly bring up your second foot. Many beginners make the mistake of trying to step up too slowly, which makes balancing harder.

When you’re ready for forward motion, lean forward ever so slightly. Keep your eyes looking forward (not down at your feet), maintain slightly bent knees, and extend your arms for balance. Practice riding short distances of 10-15 feet between safe stopping points.

Once you’re comfortable moving in a straight line, practice gentle weight shifts for turning. Many new riders are surprised to find that moderate speeds actually make balancing easier than very slow speeds – the gyroscopic effect works better with some momentum!

Staying Within the Law

The legal landscape for EUCs varies significantly depending on where you live, which can be a bit confusing for new riders. Your shiny new electric unicycle for sale might be perfectly legal in one city but face restrictions in another.

In most areas, you’ll encounter speed limits of 15-20 mph on paths and bike lanes. Many jurisdictions require lights and reflectors for night riding (a good idea regardless of laws). Some places have age restrictions, typically requiring riders to be at least 16 years old.

Helmet laws vary widely, though they’re commonly mandatory for riders under 18. As for where you can ride, many cities prohibit EUCs on sidewalks in business districts, directing riders to use bike lanes or streets instead.

We strongly recommend researching your local regulations before taking your new wheel out for a spin. In the United States, electric unicycles typically fall under classifications like “electric personal assistive mobility devices,” though the specific terminology and rules vary by state and city.

For your protection, consider checking if your homeowner’s or renter’s insurance covers personal electric vehicles. Always wear high-visibility clothing and use lights even during daytime rides. A bell or horn is invaluable for alerting pedestrians of your approach, and perhaps most importantly, always ride at speeds appropriate for your surroundings.

As EUC riders, we’re ambassadors for this emerging technology. Riding responsibly not only keeps you safe but helps shape positive public perception and potentially more favorable regulations in the future. At Volts Rides, we’re committed to supporting both new and experienced riders with the information they need to enjoy their wheels safely and legally.

Frequently Asked Questions about Electric Unicycles for Sale

How hard is it to learn for complete beginners?

If you’re wondering about the learning curve, I’ve got good news – while it takes a bit more practice than an electric scooter, it’s definitely achievable for most people.

Most new riders pick up the basics within 1-3 hours of practice. The secret? Short, consistent practice sessions of 15-30 minutes work much better than marathon attempts that just leave you tired and frustrated. Your body and brain need time to develop the muscle memory that makes riding feel natural.

Your learning journey will typically follow this path:

1. Getting comfortable mounting and dismounting (about 30-60 minutes)
2. Riding straight while staying close to a support (another 30-60 minutes)
3. Making those first gentle turns (30-60 minutes more)
4. Finally riding confidently without support (1-2 hours of practice)

For beginners, I recommend starting with a wheel that has a 16-inch tire – it offers that perfect sweet spot between stability and maneuverability. Many riders describe a magical “click” moment when suddenly everything makes sense, and progress accelerates rapidly after that point. Trust the process – your brain is learning something completely new!

What routine maintenance keeps my wheel in top shape?

Taking care of your electric unicycle for sale isn’t complicated, but a little regular attention goes a long way toward extending its life and keeping it performing at its best.

On a weekly basis, check your tire pressure (usually between 30-45 PSI, depending on your model and weight), give your wheel a quick once-over for any shell cracks or loose parts, and make sure those pedals are nice and tight. Loose pedals can develop play that affects your riding confidence.

Monthly, listen for any unusual sounds from the bearings during slow rotation, keep your battery charge between 30-80% when storing (this significantly extends battery life), and give everything a gentle wipe-down – just avoid spraying water directly on electronic components.

When seasons change, it’s worth taking a closer look at the waterproofing around seams, checking your tire for wear patterns (especially if you’re racking up serious miles), and making sure your firmware is up to date for the best performance and safety features.

Winter riders should consider additional waterproofing measures. A bit of waterproof tape around seams can make a big difference, and if you’re technically inclined, applying silicone conformal coating to internal electronics can provide extra protection – just be careful about opening up your wheel if you’re not confident in your technical skills.

Are electric unicycles street-legal in my state or city?

The legal landscape for electric unicycles for sale varies quite a bit depending on where you live, and it’s still evolving as these devices become more popular.

In generally friendly states like California, they’re classified as “electrically motorized boards” with a 15 mph speed limit and helmet requirements. Massachusetts treats them similarly to electric bicycles, allowing them on roads and bike lanes. New York recently brought them under electric scooter/bike legislation, and Washington classifies them as “electric personal assistive mobility devices” with road access.

However, some areas have restrictions or unclear regulations. Individual municipalities might have their own rules, university campuses often create specific policies, and private properties like malls or office complexes can set their own guidelines.

For the most up-to-date information about your specific location, I recommend checking your state’s Department of Transportation website, reviewing your city’s municipal codes, or connecting with local EUC community groups who typically stay on top of enforcement patterns.

In my experience, regardless of the technical legal status, riding responsibly makes all the difference. Maintaining moderate speeds, yielding to pedestrians, using lights at night, and generally being courteous typically results in positive interactions with authorities – even in areas where the regulations aren’t perfectly clear.

As EUCs become more mainstream, many cities are working to update their regulations to accommodate these efficient, eco-friendly transportation options. Being a good ambassador for the community helps this process along!

Conclusion

Finding the perfect electric unicycle for sale is a bit like finding the right pair of shoes – it needs to fit your lifestyle, your needs, and yes, even your personality. Whether you’re zipping through urban streets, tackling rugged trails, or planning cross-country trips, there’s an EUC out there with your name on it.

At Volts Rides, we don’t just sell electric unicycles – we match riders with their ideal wheels. Our carefully curated selection represents the cream of the crop, each model rigorously tested to ensure it meets our exacting standards. And we stand behind every wheel with our industry-leading 2-year warranty covering both parts and labor, giving you peace of mind that your investment is protected.

What makes the electric unicycle revolution so exciting is how these remarkable devices are changing everyday travel. Imagine gliding past gridlocked traffic with a smile on your face, knowing you’re saving money, reducing emissions, and actually enjoying your commute. That’s the EUC difference – practical transportation that doesn’t feel like a chore.

These self-balancing wonders combine impressive technology with simple operation, offering ranges that can exceed 100 miles and speeds topping 50 mph on premium models. Yet they remain compact enough to carry onto a train or store under your desk. It’s this versatility that makes electric unicycles such compelling alternatives to traditional transportation options.

Ready to join the electric unicycle community? Browse our Shop the full collection to find the perfect wheel for your needs. Our team in California and Massachusetts brings passionate expertise to every customer interaction, ensuring you’ll ride away confident on the ideal electric unicycle for your lifestyle.

When you choose Volts Rides, you’re not just buying a wheel – you’re gaining a trusted partner in your personal mobility journey. From your first wobbly attempts to your thousandth mile, we’re here to support your trip with quality products, expert advice, and best service. The future of transportation is personal, efficient, and surprisingly fun – and it’s waiting for you at Volts Rides.